Before taking this class on the
history of jazz, I had viewed the jazz solo as an extension of the principles
of the cadenza in classical European music. The cadenza is a solo designed to
show off the technical and expressive capability of the musician. However, the
cadenza is pre-written and does not reflect the immediacy of the performance.
This class allowed me to understand improvisation in jazz not as a musical
extension of the soloist but as a reflection of the present relationship
between the musician and audience.
Jazz developed without any intention
of performance in the recital-hall format. It took until 1938 until jazz would
premier at Carnegie Hall in a performance by bandleader Benny Goodman (Gioia
152). Jazz music instead relies on the dialogic relationship between performer
and audience. In a small space like a Harlem rent party or a dance club like
The Savoy, musicians constantly communicated with the audience by observing
their dancing. A discussion of improvisation would be incomplete without considering
this dialogism because improvisation developed as a feedback response to the
audience. As an example, stride pianist James P. Johnson had a diverse
repertoire including popular works as well as classical pieces. This
versatility allowed him to adapt to the audience by improvising around themes which
drew positive responses—whether a ragged-up Chopin Nocturne or Johnson’s “Carolina
Shout” (Gioia 97).
Improvisational expression in jazz originates
in the blues of the 19th century American South. The blues, along
with the spiritual, developed as a group musical format intended for collective
expression, as opposed to the lecture style recital seen in European classical
styles which propagates the expression only of those on stage (lecture 1/17/2013).
In his autobiography, Miles Davis wrote of how he infused his revolutionary
album Kind of Blue with Arkansas
blues and gospel in order to create the feeling of walking along a dark
Arkansas road as a child (Davis 234). Along with its expressive roots, Jazz
inherits the idea of preset chord sequences from the blues. The blues uses
formats like the “12-bar blues” which systematically modulates between I, IV,
and V chords (Gioia 14). This structure confines each part just enough so that
multiple musicians can simultaneously improvise while retaining overall
coherence. The resulting music is a direct and immediate expression of human
communication itself—an element of humanity which pre-scored music cannot fully
address.
Bebop improvisation revolves around
“scrambled” lines, complex runs with the functional intension of preventing
imitators from appropriating the music as whites did during the swing era
(lecture 2/21/2013). Because the solos cannot be imitated, each performance is
spontaneous and is unique to its location and time. Bebop developed in Minton’s
Playhouse, a Harlem club which Miles Davis described as a “music laboratory”
(Davis 54). Since most of the patrons were musicians themselves, the performers
were forced to adhere to the standards of the most informed critics—Miles recalls
a patron beating up a man for playing badly (Davis 54). The combination of the small
physical space of Harlem bebop bars and the involvement of the audience summons
the image of a soloist playing and an audience yelling back in a constant
dialogic relationship.